3 results
Axis I psychiatric diagnoses in adolescents and young adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome
- O.Y. Ousley, E. Smearman, S. Fernandez-Carriba, K.A. Rockers, K. Coleman, E.F. Walker, J.F. Cubells
-
- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 28 / Issue 7 / September 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 April 2020, pp. 417-422
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Background
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) associates with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and other psychiatric disorders, but co-occurrence of diagnoses are not well described.
MethodsWe evaluated the co-occurrence of SSDs, ASDs and other axis I psychiatric diagnoses in 31 adolescents and adults with 22q11DS, assessing ASDs using either stringent Collaborative Program for Excellence in Autism (ASD-CPEA) criteria, or less stringent DSM-IV criteria alone (ASD-DSM-IV).
ResultsTen (32%) individuals met criteria for an SSD, five (16%) for ASD-CPEA, and five others (16%) for ASD-DSM-IV. Of those with ASD-CPEA, one (20%) met SSD criteria. Of those with ASD-DSM-IV, four (80%) met SSD criteria. Depressive disorders (8 individuals; 26%) and anxiety disorders (7; 23%) sometimes co-occurred with SSDs and ASDs. SSDs, ASDs, and anxiety occurred predominantly among males and depression predominantly among females.
ConclusionsIndividuals with 22q11DS can manifest SSDs in the presence or absence of ASDs and other axis I diagnoses. The results suggest that standard clinical care should include childhood screening for ASDs, and later periodic screening for all axis I diagnoses.
Biodiversity of echinoids and their epibionts around the Scotia Arc, Antarctica
- Katrin Linse, Lisa J. Walker, David K.A. Barnes
-
- Journal:
- Antarctic Science / Volume 20 / Issue 3 / June 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 May 2008, pp. 227-244
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
The Scotia Arc, linking the Magellan region with the Antarctic Peninsula, comprises young and old islands both near continents and isolated, and is the only semi-continuous link between cool temperate and Antarctic environments. It is an ideal region for studies on how marine biodiversity changes across an extended transition zone. Echinoids (sea urchins) and their associated epibionts were found across depths from 91–1045 m, with 19 species from shelf and four from slope depths. The 23 species from 38 trawls represent 31% of all echinoid species known from the Southern Ocean and 38% of the shelf/upper slope echinoids. The specimens collected comprise representatives of the five families Cidaridae, Echinidae, Temnopleuridae, Schizasteridae and Pourtalesiidae. Echinoids are probably a good model for how well we know Antarctic shelf and slope megabenthos; none of the species we report are new to science but we found nine (39%) of our study species present at new localities, some thousands of kilometres from previous findings. New biogeographic ranges are illustrated for Ctenocidaris gigantea, C. nutrix, C. spinosa, Abatus curvidens, A. ingens, A. shackletoni, Amphineustes rostratus, Tripylaster philippi and Pourtalesia aurorae. Southern Ocean echinoids show eurybathy as the mean depth range of our study species was 1241 m and only one was at less than 500 m. The current view of echinoid dominance of super-abundance in the shallows seems to be not transferable to shelf and slope depths as only one of 38 trawls was dominated by echinoids. Current knowledge on maximum sizes in Antarctic echinoids seems to be good as our morphometric measurements were mainly within known size ranges. Regular echinoids increased predictably in mass with increasing test length, apart from Ctenocidaris spinosa. Tissue mass of cidaroid species was ~17%, but across irregular species varied from 17.7–8.9%. No epibionts were found on irregular echinoids or Echinidae but 70 cidaroids examined carried 51 species representing ten classes. Many of these species are reported as cidaroid epibionts for the first time. Cidaroids and their epibionts constituted > 38% of the total macrofaunal richness in the trawls they were present in. Echinoids and their epibionts clearly contribute significantly to Southern Ocean biodiversity but are minor components of biomass except in the shallows.
Herbicides inhibiting lipid synthesis
- Edited by A. D. Dodge, University of Bath
-
- Book:
- Herbicides and Plant Metabolism
- Published online:
- 04 August 2010
- Print publication:
- 25 January 1990, pp 73-96
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
A number of herbicides have been reported, over the years, to inhibit lipid metabolism. The effects of many of these compounds are believed to be secondary. However, three classes of herbicides may have a more specific effect on fatty acid (and lipid) synthesis. These groups of compounds are the substituted pyridazinones, thiocarbamates and a rather diverse class of graminaceae-selective herbicides which include the oxyphenoxy propionic acids and cyclohexanediones. These three groups form the substance of this brief review.
The overall topic of herbicides and lipid metabolism has been reviewed by several authors (Duke, 1985; Fedtke, 1982; Rivera & Penner, 1979; St John, 1982).
Substituted pyridazinones
The mode of action of pyridazinone herbicides has been reviewed recently and appears to involve several target sites in plants (St John, 1982; Duke, 1985). Depending on the exact structure of the compound, and the plant test species, the effects have been noted to include inhibition of photosynthetic O2 evolution, of pigment synthesis and changes in fatty acid composition.
Two substituted pyridazinones which have excited particular interest with regard to their effects on fatty acid formation are San 9785, (BASF 13 338; 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-phenyl-3(2H) pyridazinone) and San 6706 (metflurazon); 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone)(Figure 1). It was noted by St John (1976) that San 9785 altered the proportions of linoleic and α linolenic acids in monogalactosyl- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol. In contrast, San 9774 merely reduced the proportion of α-linolenate in monogalactosyldiacyl-glycerol alone.